by Antibody-Antigen Complexes 135 Activation of Monocytes by Microorganisms 156 Killing of Virus-infected Cells 165 Cell-Mediated Immunologic Cytotoxicity 173 Treatment of Leukemias with Monoclonal Antibodies 179 Receptor-Mediated Cytotoxicity 187 Introduction to the Special Topics 188 Co-operation between T and B Lymphocytes 191 Killer T Lymphocytes 191.1 Detection and function of killer cells 191.2 Introduction to killer cells 191.3 Physiology and function of killer T cells 192 Killer T Lymphocyte Biology 195 T-Cell Differentiation 197 T-Cell Development 197.1 Sorting of T cells 197.2 Thymocytes 197.3 Distinct T-Cell Lineages 199 Germinal Center Cells 200 T-Cell Activation 202 T-Cell-Dependent Antibody Production 205 T-Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity 211 Tolerance 208 Tolerance in Animals 227 Memory Cells 232 Intracellular Interactions of B and T Lymphocytes 235 Intracellular Interactions of Monocytes and Macrophages 237 Intracellular Interactions of Natural Killer Cells 239
R. D. Brownstein, M.D. DOCTOR ALBERT R. BROWNSTEIN
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Seventy one immunological processes are described in the Laboratory and Clinic manual, with an additional few relating to the special topics (see Chapter 7). In the same section the immunological basis of illness and disease are described and in Sections 113 to 174 the basic immunological mechanisms leading to the development of the immune system are explained. These two sections are placed in this chapter because they can be the beginning of your understanding about immunology.
An integral part of the human immune system is the mucous membrane lining the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary tracts and serves as a physical and immunological barrier against foreign substances. The external surface of the mucous membrane is covered by a thin layer of epithelial cells called the mucosa. The mucosa serves the same functions as the skin in protecting the body from foreign substances. The mucous membranes are also the sites at which the immune system operates. They contain many of the same cells and factors as found in the blood. Most of these cells and factors are produced in the mucosa and act at the mucosal surface.
There are two systems for protecting the mucous membranes. They are the hum
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